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Quatuor pour la fin du temps
''Quatuor pour la fin du temps'' ((:kwatɥɔʁ puʁ la fɛ̃ dy tɑ̃)), also known by its English title ''Quartet for the End of Time'', is a piece of chamber music by the French composer Olivier Messiaen. It was premiered in 1941. The piece is scored for clarinet (in B-flat), violin, cello, and piano; a typical performance of the complete work lasts about 50 minutes.
==Composition and first performance==
Messiaen was 31 years old when France entered World War II. He was captured by the German army in June 1940 and imprisoned in Stalag VIII-A, a prisoner-of-war camp in Görlitz, Germany (now Zgorzelec, Poland). While in transit to the camp, Messiaen showed the clarinetist Henri Akoka, also a prisoner, the sketches for what would become ''Abîme des oiseaux''. Two other professional musicians, violinist Jean le Boulaire and cellist Étienne Pasquier, were among his fellow prisoners, and after he managed to obtain some paper and a small pencil from a sympathetic guard (Carl-Albert Brüll, 1902-1989), Messiaen wrote a short trio for them; this piece developed into the ''Quatuor'' for the same trio with himself at the piano. The combination of instruments is unusual, but not without precedent: Walter Rabl had composed for it in 1896, as had Paul Hindemith in 1938.
The quartet was premiered at the camp, outdoors and in the rain, on 15 January 1941. The musicians had decrepit instruments and an audience of about 400 fellow prisoners and guards.〔Rebecca Rischin, ''For the End of Time: The Story of the Messiaen Quartet'' (Cornell University Press, 2003), 62〕 Messiaen later recalled: "Never was I listened to with such rapt attention and comprehension."〔Joseph Stevenson, ''All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music'' (All Media Guide, 2005), 843〕
Brüll provided paper and isolation for composing, and he also helped acquire the three other instruments. By forging papers with a stamp made from a potato, Brüll even helped the performers to be liberated shortly after the performance. After the war, Brüll made a special trip to visit Messiaen, but was sent away and told the composer would not see him.〔Mostel, Raphael (9 May 2008). ("Book Challenges Old Myths and Uncovers New Surprises About Famed Quartet" ), The Jewish Daily Forward]. Retrieved 18 April 2014〕
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